Doping of iib-via semiconductors during molecular beam epitaxy using neutral free radicals

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for enhanced doping of IIB-VIA semiconductors through the use of a free-radical source is described. The process involves the simultaneous production of beams of free-radicals together with group IIB molecules or atoms and group VIA molecules or atoms in a standard molecular beam epitaxy crystal growth system. These beams react on a substrate producing single crystal films of doped IIB-VIA semiconductors such as ZnSe:N, for example. The improved doping characteristics result from the high reactivity of radicals produced by the free-radical source with the surface of the growing crystal.

The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention pursuant to Grant No. 90-214-MSS-89-09281 awarded by the NSF and Grant No. MDA-972-88-J-1006 awarded by DARPA.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to doping IIB-VIA semiconductors during molecular beam epitaxy. In particular the invention relates to doping IIB-VIA semiconductors with group VA or oxygen free-radicals.

Molecular beam epitaxy is a deposition process in which atomic or molecular beams are used to deposit a film of material upon a substrate. In the past, doping IIB-VIA semiconductors with group VA elements using molecular beam epitaxy, or other deposition processes, has not been very successful. Typically, the resulting structure has a net acceptor concentration which is too low for most uses.

Light emitting diodes and semiconductor lasers are used in many electronic and optoelectronic systems such as communication, recording and display systems. Most of the current light emitting diodes and all the semiconductor lasers emit light in the infrared and red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is desirable to have available shorter wavelength light emitting diodes and laser diodes. Blue and green light emitting diodes and lasers are necessary elements in full color displays; would permit increased recording densities in optical recording systems; would provide improved underwater communications; and could be used in plastic fiber based local area networks. Currently there exist no blue or green laser diodes and the available short wavelength light emitting diodes such as SiC and GaN are both costly and inefficient.

IIB-VIA semiconductors are well suited for the production of visible light emitters since their bandgap energies cover the visible spectrum and they have large radiative efficiencies. The fabrication of light emitting diodes and lasers requires the availability of both n-type and p-type material Unfortunately, it is very difficult to p-type dope the large bandgap IIB-VIA semiconductors. A notable exception is ZnTe which can only be doped p-type.

Some progress with p-type doping of the large bandgap IIB-VIA materials by molecular beam epitaxy has recently been reported (for example, see J. M. DePuydt, M. A. Haase, H. Cheng and J. E. Potts, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55 (11), Sep. 11, 1989, p. 1103-1105); K. Akimoto, T. Miyajima and Y. Mori, Jpn. Journ. Appl. Phys. 28 (4), Apr. 4, 1989, p. L531-534). The net acceptor densities achieved, however, are low and thus inadequate for the fabrication of efficient light emitting devices. Furthermore, the dopants are not desirable for other reasons. Desirable impurities for p-type doping of IIB-VIA's are the group VA elements (N, P, As and Sb). Past attempts at doping with the group VA elements, however, have shown that it is difficult to incorporate sufficient concentrations of these impurities by molecular beam epitaxy (see R. M. Park, H. A. Mar and N. M. Salansky, J. Appl. Phys. 58 (2), Jul. 15, 1985, p. 1047-1049) or that appreciable damage is inflicted to the crystal during growth (see T. Mitsuyu, K. Ohkawa and O. Yamazaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49 (20), Nov. 17, 1986, p. 1348-1350).

In terms of efforts to incorporate substitutional acceptor impurities in ZnSe epitaxial layers during crystal growth, the highest degree of reported success, until very recently, concerned Li-doping during molecular beam epitaxial growth (see M.A. Haase, H. Cheng, J. M. Depuydt, and J. E. Potts, J. Appl. Phys., 67, 448 (1990)). Two major problems, however, appear to hamper the employment of Li as a practical impurity in ZnSe. First, a net acceptor density of approximately 1×10¹⁷ cm⁻³ seems to represent the upper limit for Li-doping. At higher Li concentrations, strong compensation occurs which renders the ZnSe material highly resistive (see M. A. Haase, H. Cheng, J. M. Depuydt, and J. E. Potts, J. Appl. Phys., 67, 448 (1990)). Secondly, Li impurities are unstable in ZnSe at temperatures above approximately 275° C. The latter problem manifests itself should device processing procedures necessitate heating the material beyond 275° C. P-type behavior has also been reported employing the isoelectronic impurity, oxygen, as a dopant in ZnSe layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (see K. Akimoto, T. Miyajima, and Y. Mori, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 28, L531 (1989)). However, net acceptor concentrations in ZnSe:O layers appear to be low, the largest net acceptor density reported so far being 1.2×10.sup. 16 cm⁻³ (see K. Akimoto, T. Miyajima, and Y. Mori, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 28, L531 (1989)). Nitrogen has also received attention as a candidate p-type dopant element in ZnSe. For example, Suemune et al (see I. Suemune, K. Yamada, H. Masato, T. Kanda, Y. Kan and M. Yamanishi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 27, L2195 (1988)) reportedly measure hole concentrations around 7×10¹⁵ cm⁻³ in nitrogen-doped (using NH₃) lattice-matched ZnS₀.06 Se₀.94 /l GaAs epitaxial layers grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. Prior art ZnSe layers are highly resistive since only small concentrations of uncompensated nitrogen impurities can be incorporated during crystal growth.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method and apparatus of doping IIB-VIA semiconductors with group VA or oxygen free-radicals which yields a net acceptor concentration greater than 5×10¹⁵ cm⁻³ and resistivities less than 15 Ωcm. (Group IIB elements include Zn, Cd, and Hg, Group VIA elements include O, S, Se, and Te, Group VA elements include N, P, As, and Sb.) Furthermore, the ratio of N_(D) /N_(A) is less than or equal to about 0.8. In other words, the doping efficiency is very high. The present invention uses molecular beam epitaxy in which a free-radical source is introduced into the molecular beam epitaxy chamber.

An object of the present invention is to provide a technique for producing conductive p-type IIB-VIA semiconductor films through the use of a free-radical source. These films can be used in the fabrication of pn junction devices such as light emitting diodes and light detectors.

Another object of the present invention is the use of a free-radical source for producing p-type ZnSe which can be used in the fabrication of pn junction devices such as light emitting diodes and laser diodes.

Another object of the present invention provides the use of a free-radical source for producing p-type binary or ternary IIB-VIA semiconductors including Zn_(1-x) Cd_(x) Se, ZnSe_(1-x) Te_(x), ZnS_(x) Se_(1-x), ZnS_(1-x) Te_(x) and Zn_(1-x) Cd_(x) S (where O≦x≦1).

The present invention provides a technique for incorporating oxygen and group VA impurities such as nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony into IIB-VIA semiconductors through the use of a free-radical source.

Another object of the present invention is use of a free-radical source for N-doping of ZnSe.

Another object of the present invention is use of a free-radical source for O -doping of ZnSe.

The present invention allows for deposition of conductive p-type films of IIB-VIA semiconductors by the molecular beam epitaxy technique.

The present invention includes a method of doping IIB-VIA semiconductors comprising the steps of injecting a group IIB source into a molecular beam epitaxy chamber; injecting a group VIA source into the molecular beam epitaxy chamber; injecting free-radicals into the molecular beam epitaxy chamber from a source; and growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer, doped with free-radicals.

The present invention also includes an electromagnetic radiation transducer comprising a first contact; a p-type ZnSe layer having N_(D) /N_(A) less than or equal to about 0.8, the p-type ZnSe layer electrically connected to the first contact; an n-type layer deposited upon the p-type ZnSe layer, wherein the n-type layer interfaces with the p-type ZnSe layer and forms a pn junction; and a second contact electrically connected to the n-type layer.

The present invention includes a method of producing an electromagnetic radiation transducer comprising placing an n-type substrate in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; growing an n-type semiconductor layer upon the n-type substrate; growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer upon the n-type semiconductor layer; and doping the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer p-type during the step of growing the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer by injecting a free-radical source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber.

The present invention includes the method of producing an electromagnetic radiation transducer comprising placing a p-type substrate in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer upon the p-type substrate; doping the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer p-type during the step of growing the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer by injecting a free-radical source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; and growing an n-type semiconductor layer upon the IIB--VIA semiconductor layer.

The present invention also includes a method of producing p-type ZnSe comprising injecting a Zn source in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; injecting a Se source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; injecting a free-radical source in the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; and growing a p-type ZnSe layer in the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber.

The present invention includes an electromagnetic radiation transducer comprising an n-type GaAs substrate having a first face and second face; a first contact electrically connected to the first face of the n-type GaAs substrate; an n-type ZnSe layer having a first face and a second face deposited upon the second face of the n-type GaAs substrate wherein the first face of the n-type ZnSe layer interfaces with the second face of the n-type GaAs substrate; a p-type ZnSe layer having a first face and a second face deposited upon the second face of the n-type ZnSe layer with N_(D) /N_(A) less than or equal to about 0.8, wherein the first face of the p-type ZnSe layer interfaces with the second face of the n-type ZnSe layer; and a second contact electrically coupled to the second face of the p-type ZnSe layer.

The invention also includes an electromagnetic radiation transducer comprising a p-type GaAs substrate having a first face and second face; a first contact electrically connected to the first face of the p-type GaAs substrate; a p-type ZnSe layer having a first face and a second face deposited upon the second face of the p-type GaAs substrate with N_(D) /N_(A) less than or equal to about 0.8, wherein the first face of the p-type ZnSe layer interfaces with the second face of the p-type GaAs substrate; an n-type ZnSe layer having a first face and a second face deposited upon the second face of the p-type ZnSe layer wherein the first face of the n-type ZnSe layer interfaces with the second face of the p-type ZnSe layer; and a second contact electrically coupled to the second face of the n-type ZnSe layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a molecular beam epitaxy chamber in accordance with the present invention.

FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are graphs of PL intensity versus energy.

FIG. 3(a) is a graph of 1/C² versus bias voltage.

FIG. 3(b) is a graph of net acceptor density versus depletion width.

FIG. 4(a) is a light emitting diode made in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4(b) is a graph of EL intensity versus wavelength at 77K.

FIG. 5 is a graph of EL intensity versus wavelength at room temperature.

FIG. 6 is a light emitting diode made in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention provides a solution to the problem of p-type conduction conversion in ZnSe. Such a breakthrough is essential to the development of practical devices.

In the present invention, an atomic dopant beam (either nitrogen or oxygen), produced by a free radical source, is used to dope ZnSe during molecular beam epitaxy which produces p-type ZnSe epitaxial thin films. When electromagnetic power at the frequency of 13.52 MHz is coupled to an RF plasma discharge chamber of the free-radical source, atomic dopant species are generated inside the chamber of the free-radical source from a gaseous source of ultra-high purity. A diffuser plate having 18 holes of about 0.3 mm diameter each was used to separate the free-radical source and the molecular beam epitaxy chamber. The amount of the atomic dopant species generated is controlled by the level of the RF power coupled to, and the pressure in the RF plasma discharge chamber. The atomic dopant species, which effuse into the molecular beam epitaxy chamber through openings in the diffuser plate, are used as the dopants during the molecular beam epitaxy growth of ZnSe.

In one embodiment of the present invention, ZnSe thin layers are grown on a well-polished GaAs surface with the surface normal vector essentially along the [001] rystal orientation. There are many suppliers of either the GaAs substrate, available from, for example, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., 1-1 Koyakita 1-Chome, Itami, Hyogo, 664 Japan, or the GaAs epitaxial layer, available from Spire Corporation, Patriots Park, Bedford, Massachusetts, 01730, for this purpose. Before loading into the molecular beam epitaxy system for the ZnSe growth, the GaAs substrates are degreased in trichloroethane, acetone, and isopropanol, rinsed in deionized water and blown dry by high purity nitrogen gas. The degreased substrates are chemically etched in a solution consisting of six parts of sulfuric acid, one part of hydrogen peroxide and one part of deionized water for several minutes (about two to five minutes). The substrate is rinsed in deionized water and blown dry by high purity nitrogen gas. The degreased and chemically-etched GaAs substrates are then attached to a Mo sample block using molten In of high purity as solder. The substrate assembly is immediately loaded into the molecular beam epitaxy system. The GaAs substrates are heated in the ultra-high vacuum growth chamber to about 610° C. for about one to five minutes to desorb the native oxides and expose the underlying crystalline structure on which the ZnSe with the same crystal structure is to be grown. The typical growth conditions for ZnSe by molecular beam epitaxy are a Zn to Se beam equivalent pressure ratio of 1:2 (in the range of about 1:4 to 2:1) and a growth temperature of 275° C. (in the range of about 250° C. to 400° C.). Typical layer thicknesses and growth rates are 2 μm and 0.5 μm/h (in the range of about 0.4 μm/h to 2.0 μm/h) respectively. The atomic dopants generated by the free-radical source are incorporated into the ZnSe by opening the mechanical shutter which blocks the line of sight path between the free-radical source and the heated substrates.

The major focus in recent years regarding research on the wide-bandgap IIB-VIA compound semiconductor, ZnSe (E_(g) ≃2.67 eV at room temperature), has been on producing low resistivity p-type material The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the in-situ production of epitaxial structures comprising ZnSe pn junctions. This is useful in the fabrication of efficient light-emitting devices, such as light-emitting diodes and diode lasers which operate in the blue region of the visible spectrum.

In accordance with the present invention, either nitrogen or oxygen are an excellent p-type dopant element in ZnSe. In addition to providing large net acceptor densities (greater than about 5×10¹⁵ cm⁻³ and low compensation (N_(D) /N_(A) less than about 0.8)), nitrogen and oxyqen are stable in ZnSe at temperatures up to 375° C.

The present invention provides a novel technique to incorporate large concentrations of net nitrogen acceptor impurities in ZnSe/GaAs epitaxial layers which involves nitrogen atom beam doping during molecular beam epitaxial growth. Net acceptor densities as large as 4.9×10¹⁷ cm⁻³ have been measured in the resultant p-type ZnSe material. This represents the highest net acceptor density with N_(D) /N_(A) less than about 0.8 reported to-date for nitrogen doped ZnSe epitaxial layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy.

FIG. 1 shows a molecular beam epitaxy system made in accordance with the present invention. Molecular beam epitaxy system 10 includes a molecular beam epitaxy chamber 12 which encloses a substrate 14. Molecular beam epitaxy chamber 12 includes an electron gun 16, a phosphorus screen 18 and a flux monitor 20. Effusion cells 22, 24, 26, and 28 are carried in molecular beam epitaxy chamber 12. In accordance with the present invention, effusion cells 22, 24, 26, and 28 may comprise, for example, effusion cells for Zn, Se, and ZnCl₂. Molecular beam epitaxy system 10 also includes a free-radical source 30, in accordance with the present invention. Free-radical source 30 may comprise a source of any group VA or oxygen free-radicals. For example, free-radical source 30 may provide a source of nitrogen free-radicals, in which free-radical source 30 is supplied with ultra-pure N₂ from an ultra-pure N₂ source 32 through a valve 33. Free-radical source 30 is available from Oxford Applied Research Ltd. (Oxfordshire, UK). Free-radical source 30 might comprise other types of sources which produce free-radicals. For example, an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) free-radical source may be used (available from, for example, Wavemat, Inc., 44780 Helm Street, Plymouth, Michigan). A microwave cracker coupled into the gas source through a microwave tube may be used to produce free-radicals. A DC plasma discharge chamber may also be used. Furthermore, any appropriate thermal cracker or disassociation cell (available from, for example, EPI, 261 East Fifth Street, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101) may be used.

ZnSe layers were grown on GaAs substrates in a molecular beam epitaxy system in accordance with the present invention. These layers were grown at a substrate temperature of 275° C. with a Zn to Se beam equivalent pressure ratio of 1:2 (typical layer thicknesses and growth rates were 2 μm and 0.5 μm/h, respectively). P-type doping of the ZnSe layers was achieved by a free-radical source which was incorporated in the molecular beam epitaxy system, rather than a conventional effusion source. The free-radical source provided a flux of atomic nitrogen (together with a much larger flux of non-dissociated N₂) created in a RF plasma discharge chamber. A RF frequency of 13.5 MHz was used to generate nitrogen atoms from a gaseous source of ultra-pure N₂. The atomic nitrogen flux level was controlled by suitably adjusting the intensity of the RF plasma discharge.

The nitrogen actively incorporated into the ZnSe was much greater using the free-radical atomic beam than that of molecular nitrogen, as evidenced by comparing 10K photoluminescence (PL) spectra recorded from ZnSe layers grown with a flux of N₂ only and with a flux of N+N₂. As shown in FIG. 2(a), the 10K PL spectrum recorded from a ZnSe layer grown using a flux of N₂ only, (in this case an equilibrium background pressure of N₂ in the molecular beam epitaxy chamber of 5×10⁻⁷ Torr was maintained) appears to be identical to that recorded from undoped ZnSe heteroepitaxial layers (see R. M. Park, C.. Rouleau, M.B. Troffer, T. Koyama, and T. Yodo, J. Mater. Res., 5, 475 (1990)). The dominant peaks in the excitonic regime are the split free-exciton (E_(x)) and donor-bound-exciton (I₂) transitions, the splitting being due to the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between ZnSe and GaAs which renders the ZnSe layers under in-plane biaxial tension (see K. Shahzad, D. J. Olego, D.. Cammack, Phys. Rev. B 39, 13016 (1989)). Consequently, at such low background N₂ partial pressures, molecular nitrogen is completely unreactive at the ZnSe surface. The situation changes dramatically, however when a plasma discharge is created in the free-radical source, as shown in the 10K spectrum of FIG. 2(b). Again the background N₂ partial pressure in the molecular beam epitaxy chamber during growth was 5×10⁻⁷ Torr with power applied to the RF plasma discharge. The excitonic regime is dominated by split acceptor-bound-exciton (I₁ ^(N)) transitions due to the incorporation of nitrogen acceptor impurities (see P. J. Dean, W. Stutius, G. F. Neumark, B. J. Fitzpatrick, and R. N. Bhargava, Phys. Rev. B 27, 2419 (1983)). In addition, the complete PL spectrum is dominated by donor-to-acceptor (D-A) transitions (Q_(o) ^(N) -represents the no phonon transition, with several LO phonon replicas Q_(o) ^(N) also indicated) as opposed to excitonic transitions. Thus, the rate of substitutional incorporation of atomic nitrogen is much greater than that of molecular nitrogen at the growing ZnSe surface. The sample from which the PL spectrum shown in FIG. 2(b) was obtained was found to have a net acceptor concentration of 1×10¹⁷ cm⁻³.

Net acceptor concentrations, N_(A) -N_(D), in the nitrogen doped ZnSe/GaAs layers were determined using capacitance-voltage (C-V) profiling. Since the ZnSe epitaxial layers were grown on semi-insulating GaAs, planar profiling between two Schottky contacts on the ZnSe surface was carried out. The surface contact pattern consisted of a series of 762 μm diameter Cr/Au dots physically isolated from a large Cr/Au surrounding electrode. The separation between the inner (dot) electrodes and the outer electrode was 25 μm, a small separation being necessary in order to maintain a low series resistance. The contact pattern was created by thermally evaporating 75 Å of Cr followed by 1000 Å of Au and performing photolithographic and lift-off processes. In all of these measurements the outer electrode was held at ground potential and bias was applied to the inner Schottky contact.

With this sign convention the majority carrier type is given by the sign of the slope of the 1/C² versus V plot; a positive slope would indicate the material to be p-type. The net acceptor (N_(A) -N_(D)) concentration is proportional to the slope of 1/C² versus V. The 1/C² versus V plot and the N_(A) -N_(D) versus depletion width profile obtained from a heavily-doped ZnSe layer are illustrated in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b), respectively. As shown in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b), the material is p-type with a net acceptor concentration around 3.4×10¹⁷ cm⁻³. As shown in FIG. 3(b), the doping profile is rather flat from zero bias (0.068 μm) out to where reverse bias breakdown occurs (1.126 μm). Breakdown occurred at 3.8 V which is consistent with avalanche breakdown in ZnSe material doped at this level, ie, 3.4×10¹⁷ cm⁻³ p-type.

Further evidence of the p-type nature of the nitrogen doped ZnSe material was obtained through the fabrication of blue light-emitting diodes based on epitaxially grown ZnSe:N/ZnSe:Cl pn homojunctions. The n-type ZnSe layers in these pn junctions were grown using Cl as the dopant element, the source of the Cl atoms being a ZnCl₂ effusion cell incorporated in the molecular beam epitaxy system.

A number of ZnSe samples grown using molecular beam epitaxy were tested. The results were as follows:

1. Undoped ZnSe: Zn to Se beam equivalent pressure ratio: 1:2

Growth Temperature: 275° C. Results: Low temperature photoluminescence spectrum indicated sample was not p-type. C-V measurement indicated sample was insulating.

2. Doped ZnSe using N₂ with no RF power to free-radical source: Zn to Se beam equivalent pressure ratio: 1:2 Growth Temperature: 275° C. RF power: 0 watts Background pressure: 5×10⁻⁷ Torr Results: Low temperature photoluminescence spectrum indicated sample was not p-type. C-V measurements indicated sample was insulating.

3. Doped ZnSe using N₂ with RF power to free-radical source: Zn to Se beam equivalent pressure ratio: 1:2 Growth temperature: 275° C. RF power: 320 watts Background pressure: 5×10⁻⁷ Torr Results: Low temperature photoluminescence spectrum, current-voltage measurement and capacitance-voltage measurement indicated that sample was p-type. N_(D) /N_(A) ≦0.8 (high doping efficiency) and N_(A) -N_(D) =3.4×10¹⁷ cm⁻³.

4. Doped ZnSe using O₂ with RF power to free-radical source: Zn to Se beam equivalent pressure ratio: 1:2 Growth temperature: 275° C. RF power: 320 watts Background pressure: 5×10⁻⁷ Torr Results: Low temperature photoluminescence spectrum, current-voltage measurement, and capacitance-voltage measurement indicated that sample was p-type and N_(A) -N_(D) =3.0×10¹⁶ cm⁻³.

A typical light-emitting diode device structure in accordance with the present invention is shown schematically in FIG. 4(a). FIG. 4(a) shows a light emitting diode 34. Light emitting diode 34 includes a p-type GaAs substrate 36. P-type GaAs substrate 36 from the base for molecular beam epitaxial growth. A p-type ZnSe nitrogen doped layer 38 is deposited upon p-type GaAs substrate 36. P-type ZnSe layer 38 is deposited in accordance with the present invention using a nitrogen free-radical source. An n-type ZnSe chlorine doped layer 40 is deposited upon p-type ZnSe layer 38. An n⁺ ZnSe cap layer 42 is deposited upon n-type ZnSe layer 40. The deposition of layers 38, 40, and 42 is through molecular beam epitaxial growth. Ohmic contacts 44 and 46 form electrical contacts to n⁺ ZnSe cap layer 42 and p-type GaAs substrate 36, respectively.

In a preferred embodiment, p-type ZnSe layer 38 has a thickness of 2 μm and has a net acceptor concentration of 1×10¹⁷ cm⁻³. N-type ZnSe layer 40 has a thickness of 0.5 μm and a net donor concentration of 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³. The n⁺ ZnSe cap layer 42 has a thickness of 500 Å and a net donor concentration of 5×10¹⁸ cm⁻³.

FIG. 4(a) shows the p-type ZnSe layer is grown first on a p -type GaAs substrate. This type of "buried p-type layer" structure avoids the serious problems presently associated with ohmic contact formation to p-type ZnSe (See M. A. Haase, H. Cheng, J. M. DePuydt, and J. E. Potts, J. Appl. Phys., 67, 448 (1990)). However, a disadvantage with this device design is that a large hole barrier exists at the p⁺ -GaAs/p-ZnSe heterointerface (see L. Kassel, H. Abad, J.W. Garland, P.M. Raccah, J.E. Potts, M.A. Haase, and H. Cheng, Appl. Phys. Lett., 56 42 (1990)). In this type of device, hole injection across the p⁺ -GaAs/p-ZnSe heterointerface is only realized at avalanche breakdown. Consequently, large turn-on voltages are required to observe electroluminescence associated with the ZnSe pn homojunction.

Light-emitting diode fabrication was accomplished using conventional photolithographic techniques with device isolation being achieved by wet chemical etching to form 400 μm diameter mesas. The top electrode metalization was ring shaped and was patterned by vacuum evaporation and lift-off. Ultrasonic gold ball bonding was used to make contact to the devices for electroluminescence characterization.

A typical electroluminescence spectrum recorded at 77K for light emitting diode 34 shown in FIG. 4(a), is illustrated in FIG. 4(b). The device operating voltage and current were 13.5 V and 40 mA, respectively, for the spectrum shown in FIG. 4(a). As can be seen from FIG. 4(b), the visible electroluminescence is dominated by blue emission, the spectrum comprising a number of resolved lines principally at 447.7 nm, 459.6 nm and 464.7 nm. The two highest energy peaks in the spectrum correspond closely in energy to the electroluminescence peaks observed at 77K from blue light-emitting diodes fabricated using a nitrogen-ion implantation and annealing procedure as reported by Akimoto et al (See K. Akimoto, T. Miyajima, and Y. Mori, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 28, L528 (1989)). Infrared emission at 844 nm was also recorded from these devices (simultaneously with the blue emission) which appears to be the result of electron injection into the p⁺ -type GaAs material under avalanche breakdown conditions at the hetero-junction (not shown in FIG. 4(b)).

An electroluminescence spectrum recorded at room temperature from the device structure illustrated in FIG. 4(a) (visible region only) is shown in FIG. 5. As can be seen from the figure, dominant emission in the blue region of the visible spectrum is observed, peaking in intensity at a wavelength of 465 nm. For the particular spectrum shown in FIG. 5, the voltage applied and current drawn were 22 V and 20 mA, respectively.

FIG. 6 shows a light emitting diode 48 made in accordance with the present invention. Light emitting diode 48 is a p on n device which operates similar to light emitting diode 34 of FIG. 4(a). Light emitting diode 48 includes an n⁺ GaAs substrate 50, an n-type ZnSe layer 52 and p-type ZnSe layer 54. Contacts 56 and 58 make electrical contact with p-type ZnSe layer 54 and n⁺ GaAs substrate 50. The p-type ZnSe layer 54 is deposited using molecular beam epitaxy and a group VA free-radical source in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, diode 48 shown in FIG. 6 n-type ZnSe layer 52 has a net donor concentration of about 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ and a thickness of about 2.0 μm and p-type ZnSe layer 54 has a net acceptor concentration of about 1×10¹⁷ cm⁻³ and a thickness of 0.5 μm.

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for producing conductive p-type IIB-VIA semiconductors films using a free-radical source. Using the present invention, n-type IIB-VIA semiconductor film may also be produced. The resultant IIB-VIA semiconductor film may be used in pn junction devices such as light emitting diodes and light detectors as well as diode lasers and transistors. Using the present invention, a free-radical source is introduced into a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber to provide a dopant to a IIB-VIA semiconductor during molecular beam epitaxial growth. The free-radical source may be nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony. Oxygen may also be used as a suitable free-radical source. The present invention may be used for N-doping and O-doping of ZnSe. In accordance with the present invention, p-type ternary IIB-VIA semiconductors including Zn_(1-x) Cd_(x) Se, ZnSe_(1-x) Te_(x), ZnSe_(1-x) S_(x), ZnS_(1-x) Te_(x), and Zn_(1-x) Cd_(x) S.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the free-radical source may be a source of any group VA free-radicals, and may provide a dopant for any IIB-VIA semiconductors. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of doping IIB-VIA semiconductors comprising the steps of:injecting a group IIB source into a molecular beam epitaxy chamber; injecting a group VIA source into the molecular beam epitaxy chamber; generating neutral free radicals using an rf plasma discharge free-radical source; injecting free-radicals into the molecular beam epitaxy chamber from the rf plasma discharge free radical source; and growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer, doped with free-radicals.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein injecting group VA free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals from the group consisting of nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus and antimony.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting oxygen free-radicals.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting nitrogen free-radicals.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer comprises growing a p-type IIB-VIA semiconductor layer.
 7. The method of claim 1 including depositing subsequent layers to form a light emitting diode.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein growing a II semiconductor layer comprises growing a ternary IIB semiconductor layer.
 9. A method of producing an electromagnetic radiation transducer comprising:placing an n-type substrate in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; growing an n-type semiconductor layer upon the n-type substrate; growing an IIB-VIA semiconductor layer upon the n-type semiconductor layer; and doping the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer p-type during the step of growing the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer by injecting neutral free-radicals generated using an rf plasma discharge free-radical source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein injecting group VA free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals from the group consisting of nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus and antimony.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting nitrogen free-radicals.
 13. The method of claim 9 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting oxygen free-radicals.
 14. A method of producing an electromagnetic radiati emitting transducer comprising:placing a p-type substrate in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer upon the p-type substrate; doping the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer p-type during the step of growing the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer by injecting neutral free-radicals generated using an rf plasma discharge free-radical radical source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; and growing an n-type semiconductor layer upon the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein injecting group VA free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals from the group consisting of nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus and antimony.
 17. The method of claim 14 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting oxygen free-radicals.
 18. The method of claim 14 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting nitrogen free-radicals.
 19. A method of producing p-type ZnSe comprising:injecting a Zn source in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; injecting a Se source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; generating neutral free radicals using an rf plasma discharge free-radical source; injecting free radicals generated using the rf plasma discharge free-radical source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; and growing a p-type ZnSe layer in the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber, wherein the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer has a net donor to net acceptor ratio (N_(D) /N_(A)) of less than or equal to 0.8.
 20. The method of claim 1 wherein a growth rate for the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer ranges from about 0.4 μm/h to about 2.0 μm/h.
 21. The method of claim 9 wherein a growth rate for the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer ranges from about 0.4 μm/h to about 2.0 μm/h.
 22. The method of claim 14 wherein a growth rate for the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer ranges from about 0.4 μm/h to about 2.0 μm/h.
 23. The method of claim 19 wherein a growth rate for the p-type type ZnSe layer ranges from about 0.4 μm/h to about 2.0 μm/h.
 24. A method of doping IIB-VIA semiconductors comprising the steps of:injecting a group IIB source into a molecular beam epitaxy chamber; injecting a group VIA source into the molecular beam epitaxy chamber; generating neutral free radicals using an electron cyclotron resonance free-radical source; injecting free-radicals into the molecular beam epitaxy chamber from the electron cyclotron resonance free-radical source; and growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer, doped with free-radicals.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein injecting group VA free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals from the group consisting of nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus and antimony.
 27. The method of claim 24 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting oxygen free-radicals.
 28. The method of claim 24 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting nitrogen free-radicals.
 29. The method claim 24 wherein growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer comprises growing a p-type IIB-VIA semiconductor layer.
 30. The method of claim 24 including depositing subsequent layers to form a light emitting diode.
 31. The method of claim 24 wherein growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer comprises growing a ternary IIB-VIA semiconductor layer.
 32. The method of claim 24 wherein a growth rate for the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer ranges from about 0.4 μm/h to about 2.0 μm/h.
 33. A method of producing an electromagnetic radiation transducer comprising:placing an n-type substrate in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; growing an n-type semiconductor layer upon the n-type substrate; growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer upon the n-type semiconductor layer; and doping the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer p-type during the step of growing the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer by injecting neutral free-radicals generated using an electron cyclotron resonance free-radical source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber.
 34. The method of claim 33 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting group VSA free-radicals.
 35. The method of claim 34 wherein injecting group VA free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals from the group consisting of nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus and antimony.
 36. The method of claim 34 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting nitrogen free-radicals.
 37. The method of claim 33 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting oxygen free-radicals.
 38. The method of claim 56 wherein a growth rate for the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer ranges from about 0.4 μm/h to about 2.0 μm/h.
 39. A method of producing an electromagnetic radiation emitting transducer comprising:placing a p-type substrate in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; growing a IIB-VIA semiconductor layer upon the p-type substrate; doping the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer p-type during the step of growing the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer by injecting neutral free-radicals generated using an electron cyclotron resonance free-radical source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; and growing an n-type semiconductor layer upon the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals.
 41. The method of claim 40 wherein injecting group VA free-radicals comprises injecting group VA free-radicals from the group consisting of nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorus and antimony.
 42. The method of claim 39 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting oxygen free-radicals.
 43. The method of claim 39 wherein injecting free-radicals comprises injecting nitrogen free-radicals.
 44. The method of claim 39 wherein a growth rate for the IIB-VIA semiconductor layer ranges from about 0.4 μm/h to about 2.0 μm/h.
 45. A method of producing p-type ZnSe comprising:injecting a Zn source in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; injecting a Se source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; generating neutral free radicals using an electron cyclotron resonance free-radical source; injecting free radicals generated from the electron cyclotron resonance free-radicals source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; and growing a p-type ZnSe layer in the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber.
 46. A method of producing p-type ZnSe comprising:injecting a Zn source in a molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; injecting a Se source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; generating neutral free radicals using a free-radical source; injecting neutral free radicals generated using the free-radical source into the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; growing a p-type ZnSe layer in the molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber; and wherein the neutral free radicals are of an energy level sufficiently low to yield a p-type ZnSe layer having a resistivity of less than 15 Ω-cm and a net acceptor concentration of more than 5×10¹⁵ cm⁻³. 